this page is subdivided into three sections:
- urinary tract infections in general
- urinary tract infections and PBS/IC
- urinary tract infections due to various micro-organisms

• UpToDate® patient information on urinary tract infections

• There is a low incidence of recurrent bacteriuria in painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis patients followed longitudinally.
  Stanford E, McMurphy C. Int Urogynecol J 2007;18:551-4
  • this study suggests that the symptoms of flares of IC are not usually associated with recurrent urinary tract infections and, therefore, are likely due to a triggering of other painful mechanisms involved in IC patients who are culture-negative

• Interstitial cystitis and infectious agents.
  Fioriti D, Penta M, Mischitelli M, et al. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2005;18:799-804

• Absence of bacterial and viral DNA in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
  Al-Hadithi HN, Williams H, Hart CA, et al. J Urol 2005;174:151-4

• Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bladder biopsy specimens of patients with interstitial cystitis by polymerase chain reaction.
  Atug F, Turkeri L, Atug O, Cal C. Urol Res 2004;32:346-9 PMID: 15146299

• Incidence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with interstitial cystitis.
  Haq A, Mattocks S, Wong L, et al. Eur Urol 2001;40:652-4 PMID: 11805412

• Detection of eubacteria in interstitial cystitis by 16S rDNA amplification.
  Heritz DM, Lacroix JM, Batra SD, et al. J Urol 1997;158:2291-5 PMID: 9366378

• Do infectious agents cause interstitial cystitis?
  Duncan JL, Schaeffer AJ. Urology 1997;49(5A Suppl) PMID: 9146001

• Absence of bacterial DNA in the bladder of patients with interstitial cystitis.
  Haarala M, Jalava J, Laato M, et al. J Urol 1996;156:1843-5 PMID: 8863628

• Viruses and interstitial cystitis: adenovirus genomes cannot be demonstrated in urinary bladder biopsies.
  Hukkanen V, Haarala M, Nurmi M, et al. Urol Res 1996;24:235-8 PMID: 8873382

• Dormant microbes in interstitial cystitis.
  Dominguez GJ, Ghoniem GM, Bost KL, et al. J Urol 1995;153:1321-6 PMID: 7869536

• A prospective study of microorganisms in urine and bladder biopsies from interstitial cystitis patients and controls.
  Keay S, Schwalbe RS, Trifillis AL, et al. Urology 1995;45:223-9 PMID: 7855970

• Genitourinary manifestations of tuberculosis.
  Wise GJ, Marella VK. Urol Clin North Am 2003;30:111-21 PMID: 12580563