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| antidepressants | Antidepressant drugs for chronic urological pelvic pain: an evidence-based review. Papandreou C, Skapinakis P, Giannakis D, et al. Adv Urol 2009;2009:797031. Epub 2010 Feb 14. PMID: 20169141 - the authors conclude that the use of antidepressants for the management of chronic urological pelvic pain is not adequately supported by methodologically sound randomized controlled trials |
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| fibromyalgia | American Journal of Medicine December 2009 - Supplement on Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a controversial disease. Clauw DJ. Am J Med 2009;122(12 Suppl):S1-2 Fibromyalgia: an overview. Clauw DJ. Am J Med 2009;122(12 Suppl):S3-S13 Pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. Bradley LA. Am J Med 2009;122(12 Suppl):S22-30 Strategies for managing fibromyalgia. Arnold LM. Am J Med 2009;122(12 Suppl):S31-43 |
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| urgency | Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: a sense of urgency. Hanno PM, Chapple CR, Cardozo LD. World J Urol 2009;27:717-21 - a review on bladder pain syndrome with special attention to urgency and overactive bladder |
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| symptoms of IC/PBS as described by patients | How do patients describe their symptoms of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS)? Qualitative interviews with patients to support the development of a patient-reported symptom-based screener for IC/PBS. Abraham L, Arbuckle R, Bonner N, et al. Value Health 2009;12:A310 (Abstract) - patient-reported, symptom-based measures may be more appropriate than the insensitive NIDDK criteria for identifying IC/PBS patients but existing measures have poor specificity, likely due to inadequate content validity - this study conducted qualitative interviews with patients to identify key IC symptoms, and the language used to describe them, to develop a new symptom-based IC screener: 44 IC/PBS patients with a confirmed diagnosis in the US, France and Germany were interviewed about their symptoms and subsequent impact on quality of life; 10 overactive bladder (OAB) patients were also interviewed to improve specificity - interviews included open-ended questions, creative tasks and focussed discussion - key symptoms identified by IC/PBS patients were the urge to urinate, urination frequency, and pain; urge had four components: 1) need to urinate driven by pain; 2) a need to urinate to avoid pain getting worse; 3) a constant need to urinate and; 4) a sudden need to urinate - in contrast, OAB patients reported urge that did not involve pain - both OAB and IC/PBS patients experienced high day and night-time urination frequency - IC pain was perceived to be in the bladder, abdomen or pelvis, and was most commonly described as “pressure”, “burning”, “sharp” and “discomfort” |
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| the life of an IC/PBS patient | Psychosocial phenotyping in women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a case-control study.
Nickel JC, Tripp DA, Pontari M, et al. J Urol 2009 Nov 12. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 19913812 - patients with IC/PBS have significant psychosocial alterations compared to controls - chronic pain and poor QOL are the most relevant parameters that influence the life of an IC/PBS patient |
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| hydrodistension | Cystodistension: certainly no standards and possibly no benefits - survey of UK practice.
Mahendru AA, Al-Taher H. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009 Nov 10. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 19902133 - there is a lack of standardisation leading to wide variation in technique used - its indications and benefits are still controversial |
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| genitourinary pain | Validation of a modified national institutes of health chronic prostatitis
symptom index to assess genitourinary pain in both men and women. Clemens JQ, Calhoun EA, Litwin MS, et al. Urology 2009;74:983-7 - a single instrument - the Genitourinary Pain Index or GUPI - has been developed to assess the patient’s reponse to treatment in clinical trials and studies involving both men and women - the GUPI was developed by modifying and adding new questions to the existing National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Index - it was concluded that the GUPI is a valid, reliable and responsive instrument that can be used to assess the degree of symptoms in both men and women with genitourinary pain complaints |
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| quality of life | Life impact of urologic pain syndromes. Hatchett L, Fitzgerald MP, Potts J, et al. J Health Psychol 2009;14:741-50 - in this study on the personal experience of chronic urologic pain, patients were asked to journal in their own words their daily symptoms and the effects of those symptoms on home/family life, working life and social life - three major themes were identified concerning symptoms, personal and interpersonal effects of symptoms and related role limitations; fatigue emerged as a newly recognized symptom that may benefit from treatment |
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| OAB and urgency | Overactive bladder: a new paradigm. Blaivas JG. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009 Oct 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19865783 |
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| review | Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: An update. Dasgupta J, Tincello DG. Maturitas 2009 Oct 16. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19837525 |
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| cystoscopy with hydrodistension | Hydrodistension under local anesthesia for patients with suspected painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: Safety, diagnostic potential and therapeutic efficacy. Aihara K, Hirayama A, Tanaka N, et al. Int J Urol 2009 Oct 11. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19817916 - the authors evaluated the safety, diagnostic potential and therapeutic efficacy of cystoscopy with hydrodistension under local anesthesia in patients with suspected PBS/IC; they conclude that it is a simple and safe method for differential diagnosis with some therapeutic efficacy |
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| urinary marker | A metabonomic approach identifies human urinary phenylacetylglutamine as a novel marker of interstitial cystitis. Fukui Y, Kato M, Inoue Y, et al. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Sep 26. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19815468 - urine samples from 10 patients with IC, 10 with bacterial cystitis and 10 healthy volunteers (HVs) were analyzed to identify an IC marker - the urinary marker of IC was identified as phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN); the urinary level of PAGN measured relative to creatinine (Cr) was significantly elevated in IC patients (mean 0.47mg/mg Cr) compared with BC patients (mean 0.25mg/mg Cr) and HVs (mean 0.11mg/mg Cr). - urinary PAGN/Cr ratios in patients with mild and moderate IC were higher than for patients with severe IC |
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| symptoms and quality of life | Severity of interstitial cystitis symptoms and quality of life in female patients. El Khoudary SR, Talbott EO, Bromberger JT, et al. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009;18:1361-8 - symptom severity and being currently unmarried were found to be associated with impairment in quality of life (QOL) in IC patients - managing pain and nocturia may improve the patients' overall physical QOL |
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| urgency | Measuring urgency in clinical practice. Dmochowski RR, Fitzgerald MP, Wyndaele JJ. World J Urol 2009 Aug 27. [Epub ahead of print] |
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| ESSIC guidelines for IC | Cystoscopy and bladder biopsies in patients with bladder pain syndrome carried out following ESSIC guidelines. Wyndaele JJ, Van Dyck J, Toussaint N. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2009 Aug 25:1-5. [Epub ahead of print] PMUI:19707951 |
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| intravesical liposomes | Intravesical liposome versus oral pentosan polysulfate for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Chuang YC, Lee WC, Lee WC, Chiang PH. J Urol 2009 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19683290 |
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| chronic pelvic pain | Chronic pelvic pain. Baranowski AP. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2009;23:593-610 - a review on chronic pelvic pain and its taxonomy |
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| review | The management of interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome in women. Marinkovic SP, Moldwin R, Gillen LM, Stanton SL. BMJ 2009 Jul 31;339:b2707. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2707. PMUI 19648180 |
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| Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma | Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in women with chronic urinary symptoms. Baka S, Kouskouni E, Antonopoulou S, et al. Urology 2009;74:62-6 - urine, vaginal, and urethral samples from 153 women presenting with chronic voiding symptoms were tested for the presence of pathogens including Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis - U. urealyticum was detected 52.9%, and M. hominis 3.3%, always in association with U. urealyticum - a significant improvement in all symptoms was observed in women with positive cultures for Mycoplasma after therapy - the authors conclude that testing for the presence of U. urealyticum and M. hominis in the urogenital tract could prove valuable for the management of a significant percentage of chronic urinary symptoms in women through appropriate treatment |
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| PST | Potassium Sensitivity Test: opposing views: | |
con |
Potassium sensitivity test for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: con. Hanno P. J Urol. 2009;182:431-2, 434 |
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pro |
The potassium sensitivity test: a new gold standard for diagnosing and understanding the pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis. Parsons CL. J Urol 2009;182:432-4 |
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| East-Asian guidelines | Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder syndrome. Homma Y, Ueda T, Tomoe H, et al. Int J Urol 2009;16:597-615 - a clinical guideline and algorithm for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder syndrome developed by a group of East Asian urologists as a revised form of the Japanese guideline for interstitial cystitis - the guideline defines interstitial cystitis (IC) as a disease of the urinary bladder diagnosed by 3 requirements; 1) a characteristic complex of lower urinary tract symptoms, 2) bladder pathology such as Hunner's ulcer and bladder bleeding after overdistension, and 3) exclusion of confusable diseases - the characteristic symptom complex is termed as hypersensitive bladder syndrome (HBS), which is defined as bladder hypersensitivity, usually associated with urinary frequency, with or without bladder pain - for the definite diagnosis of IC, cytoscopy or hydrodistension is crucial; HBS is the diagnosis when IC is suspected but not confirmed by the 3 requirements |
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| bladder pain assessment & treatment | Bladder Pain: Clinical Assessment and Treatment. Westerling D. UIJ 2009 doi:10.3834/uij.1944-5784.2009.08.03 The full text of this paper published in UroToday International Journal is available online via:http://www.urotoday.com/3386/urotoday_international_journal/new_in_press/bladder_pain_clinical_assessment_and_treatment06262009.html - reviews and discusses different causes of bladder pain, reminding us that bladder pain is a symptom and not a disease and that all bladder pain is not PBS/IC and bladder pain is often not the only type of pain in patients suffering from PBS/IC - patients with complex bladder pain may benefit from a consultation and second opinion from a pain specialist early in the course of the workup and not as a last measure when everything else has failed |
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| BPS/IC: a sense of urgency | Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: a sense of urgency. Hanno PM, Chapple CR, Cardozo LD. World J Urol 2009 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19551386 - the authors consider it likely that the urgency experienced by these patients differs from that experienced by patients with overactive bladder syndrome - it is unclear how best to define urgency in the BPS/PBS/IC setting; differences in the other primary symptoms associated with these conditions probably influence how urgency is perceived - the authors are of the opinion that advances in research into the pathophysiology of urgency and underlying disease processes will help to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of BPS/PBS/IC |
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| myofascial physical therapy | Randomized Multicenter Feasibility Trial of Myofascial Physical Therapy for the Treatment of Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes. Fitzgerald MP, Anderson RU, Potts J, et al. J Urol 2009 Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print] - the aim of this trial was to determine the feasibility of conducting a randomized clinical trial designed to compare two methods of manual therapy (myofascial physical therapy and global therapeutic massage) in patients with urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes - the research team is of the opinion that it is feasible to conduct a full-scale trial of physical therapy methods and that the preliminary findings of a beneficial effect of myofascial physical therapy warrants further study |
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| ICI 2008: treatment | Treatment of painful bladder syndrome and pelvic organ prolapse: highlights of the 4th international consultation on incontinence, July 5-8, 2008, Paris, France. Chuang YC, Chancellor MB. Rev Urol 2009;11:28-32 - review of the International Consultation on Incontinence in 2008. Free full text article: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2668838&blobtype=pdf |
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| nerve growth factor | Urinary nerve growth factor level is increased in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and decreased in responders to treatment. Liu HT, Tyagi P, Chancellor MB, Kuo HC. BJU Int 2009 Jun 12. [Epub ahead of print]. - the aim of this study was to measure urinary nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and to evaluate the role of urinary NGF in predicting the response to treatment - it was concluded that patients with IC/BPS had greater urinary NGF/creatinine levels than controls; a decrease in urinary NGF was associated with greater pain reduction and a successful response, suggesting that urinary NGF could be a useful biomarker for detecting the severity of the bladder condition in these patients |
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| IL-8 | Interleukin 8 is essential for normal urothelial cell survival. Tseng-Rogenski S, Liebert M. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009 Jun 17. [Epub ahead of print] - interleukin 8 (IL-8, CXCL8) has been shown to play a role in multiple cellular processes. - this paper reports on an additional role of IL-8 as a growth and essential survival factor for normal human urothelial cells. - lower IL-8 expression levels in the urinary bladder may contribute to the pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis. |
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| alternative treatment | Les Traitements de recours dans la cystite interstitielle [Alternative treatments for interstitial cystitis]. [Article in French] Gamé X, Bart S, Castel-Lacanal E, Prog Urol 2009;19:357-363 - a review and evaluation of alternative therapies for the treatment of IC: posterior sacral root neuromodulation, posterior tibial nerve stimulation, vanilloid agent intravesical instillation, intradetrusor botulinum toxin injections and surgery |
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| comorbidities | Comorbidités somatiques dans le Syndrome de l’Intestin Irritable: fibromyalgie, syndrome de fatigue chronique et cystite interstitielle/syndrome de la vessie douloureuse. [Somatic comobidities in irritable bowel syndrome: fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and interstitial cystitis]. [Article in French]. Mathieu N. Gastroentérologique Clinique et Biologique 2009;33 (Suppl 1):S17-S25 (This article is part of a French supplement dedicated to Syndrome de l’Intestin Irritable/Irritable Bowel Syndrome). - fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and interstitial cystitis frequently overlap with irritable bowel syndrome, raising the question of a common underlying pathophysiology. A possible central hypersensitization disorder may be involved in the dysfunction of bidirectional neural pathways viscerovisceral cross-interactions within the CNS. This could explain the many extraintestinal manifestations in IBS |
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| phenotyping | Clinical phenotyping of women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a key to classification and potentially improved management. Nickel JC, Shoskes D, Irvine-Bird K. J Urol 2009;182:155-60. |
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| botulinum toxin | Has botulinum toxin therapy come of age: what do we know, what do we need to know, and how should we use it? Silva CM, Cruz F. Curr Opin Urol 2009;19:347-52 - review article in which the authors advise that this treatment should preferably not be offered to IC patients outside well-designed trials |
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| IC and gynecologic conditions | Differentiating interstitial cystitis from similar conditions commonly seen in gynecologic practice. Dell JR, Mokrzycki ML, Jayne CJ. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;144:105-9 |
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| urodynamics: PBS/IC versus OAB | Urodynamic findings of the painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: a comparison with idiopathic overactive bladder. Kim SH, Kim TB, Kim SW, Oh SJ. J Urol 2009;181:2550-4 - the purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of the urodynamic results in patients with painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis and in those with idiopathic overactive bladder - this study showed that the urodynamic results were significantly different between the painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder groups - combined with other clinical findings urodynamic studies might provide additional information to confirm a diagnosis of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis |
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| symptoms, sleep and quality of life | The relationship among symptoms, sleep disturbances and quality of life in patients with interstitial cystitis. Nickel JC, Payne CK, Forrest J, et al. J Urol 2009;181:2555-61 - a retrospective analysis to determine associations among symptoms, sleep disturbances and quality of life in responder and non-responder groups of patients with interstitial cystitis taking part in a multidose pentosan polysulfate sodium clinical trial - it was concluded that a reduction in interstitial cystitis symptoms may be associated with patient reported improvement in sleep and quality of life |
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| urgency and urgency | Two types of urgency. Blaivas JG, Panagopoulos G, Weiss JP, Somaroo C. Neurourol Urodyn 2009;28:188-90. - the definition of urgency remains the subject of much controversy - the authors believe that urgency is comprised of at least two different sensations - distinction between them is important since they may have different etiologies and may respond differently to treatment |
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| PBS/IC in children | Paediatric painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: diagnosis and treatment. Sea J, Teichman JM. Drugs 2009;63:279-96. Review article. - the prevalence of PBS/IC in children is unknown - there have been few reports on PBS/IC in children and these are mainly from older literature - there are no available randomized, blinded therapeutic trials for paediatric PBS/IC - symptoms in children appear to be similar to those in adults - the most common paediatric presentation is urinary frequency, with abdominal pain also common - lack of data on outcomes of paediatric PBS/IC makes firm recommendations problematic |
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| botox | Comparison of intravesical botulinum toxin type A injections plus hydrodistention with hydrodistention alone for the treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Kuo HC, Chancellor MB. BJU Int 2009 Mar 30. [Epub ahead of print] - this study found that intravesical injections of BoNT-A followed by hydrodistention (HD) produced significantly better clinical results than HD alone in patients with IC/PBS |
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| prevalence of PBS symptoms | Prevalence of painful bladder syndrome (PBS) symptoms in adult women in the general population in Japan. Inoue Y, Mita K, Kakehashi M, et al. Neurourol Urodyn 2009;28:214-8 - in this web-based survey study, the prevalence of PBS symptoms in Japan was found to be the same as that in Europe and the United States, indicating that this prevalence does not differ among races - the findings suggest that the burden of PBS may be greater in younger individuals than previously suspected |
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| bladder outlet obstruction | Bladder outlet obstruction in painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Cameron AP, Gajewski JB. Neurourol Urodyn 2009 Mar 19. [Epub ahead of print] - the authors found that 48% of their PBS/IC patients have bladder outlet obstruction, and that increasing severity of PBS/IC was associated with higher voiding pressure |
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| IC/BPS/PBS | Status of international consensus on interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome/painful bladder syndrome: 2008 snapshot. Hanno P, Dmochowski R. Neurourol Urodyn. 2009 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print] - the Society for Urodynamics and Female Urology brought together thought leaders from Europe, Asia, and the United States to Miami, and a broad, structured discussion ensued which is the subject of this report - the most appropriate name of the disease remains an area of contention - a final "definition" of BPS/IC did garner substantial agreement among participants: an unpleasant sensation (pain, pressure, discomfort) perceived to be related to the urinary bladder, associated with lower urinary tract symptoms of more than 6 weeks duration, in the absence of infection or other identifiable causes |
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| cannabinoid receptors | Differential expression of functional cannabinoid receptors in human bladder detrusor and urothelium. Tyagi V, Philips BJ, Su R, et al. J Urol 2009 Feb 21. [Epub ahead of print] |
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| gene therapy | Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated gene delivery for the treatment of lower urinary tract pain. Goins WF, Goss JR, Chancellor MB, et al. Gene Ther 2009 Feb 26. [Epub ahead of print] - this research group has developed a gene therapy strategy that could potentially alleviate chronic pelvic pain using the herpes simplex virus-directed delivery of analgesic proteins to the bladder |
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| genetics | Genetics and Phenotyping of Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Dimitrakov J, Guthrie D. J Urol 2009 Feb 19. [Epub ahead of print] - a review on genetic risk factors for urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes |
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| vulvodynia | Vulvodynia & pelvic pain? Think interstitial cystitis. Siegel JF, Sand PK, Sasso K. Nurse Pract 2008;33:40-5 |
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| eosinophilic cystitis | The spectrum of eosinophilic cystitis in males: case series and literature review. Popescu OE, Landas SK, Haas GP. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:289-94 |
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| terminology | Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Helpful or confusing? Vishwajit S, Andersson KE. ScientificWorldJournal 2009;9:17-22 - an established standardized terminology is necessary for communication of scientific information and for prevention of mistreatment and misdiagnosis - it is natural and desirable that all suggested definitions are subject to criticism and is important that discussions for improvement of existing terminology continue - however, frequent changes of definitions may have detrimental effect on research, diagnosis and management of patients |
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| diagnosis | Diagnostic options for early identification and management of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Forrest JB, Moldwin R. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:1926-34. - the aims of this article were to discuss options for diagnosing interstitial cystitis (IC), to compare approaches and to encourage early diagnosis of this disorder in the primary care setting |
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| endometriosis | Endometriosis. Bulun SE. N Engl J Med 2009;360:268-79 - a review |
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| childhood symptoms | Childhood symptoms and events in women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Peters KM, Killinger KA, Ibrahim IA. Urology 2009;73:258-62 |
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| vulvodynia | Vulvodynia. Definition, diagnosis and treatment. Petersen CD, Lundvall L, Kristensen E, et al. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008;87:893-901 - this article describes the terminology and definition of the condition, theories on patho-physiological mechanisms underlying the disorder, methods of diagnosis and evidence and recommendations on clinical management |
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| Japanese guidelines | Japanese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis Homma Y, Ueda T, Ito T, Takei M, Tomoe H. Int J Urol 2009;16:4-16 - this article is the shortened version of the Japanese Guideline for an international readership - in this guideline, IC is defined as 'a disease of the urinary bladder diagnosed by three conditions: (i) lower urinary tract symptoms such as urinary frequency, bladder hypersensitivity and/or bladder pain; (ii) bladder pathology proven endoscopically by Hunner's ulcer and/or mucosal bleeding after over-distension, and (iii) exclusion of confusable diseases such as infection, malignancy or calculi of the urinary tract' - the term 'hypersensitive bladder syndrome (HSB)' is suggested for the symptom syndrome associated with IC or IC-like conditions, because hypersensitivity would be more inclusive than pain in that it incorporates both patients with and without pain |
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| scaling of goals | Goal achievement provides new insights into interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome symptoms and outcomes. Payne C, Allee T. Neurourol Urodyn 2008;28:13-7 - using the Goal Assessment Scaling (GAS) concept, the authors used surveys and focus groups to characterize the goals of patients with IC/PBS in order to create a pilot GAS - it was concluded that patients have individualized treatment goals; GAS holds promise for addressing individuality in a standardized format - a new instrument developed from this work is being piloted in a multicenter RCT - the authors also suggest that questionnaires investigating urgency in IC/PBS clarify the definition in a way more applicable to the specific condition - the groups defined urgency in IC/PBS as "the need to urinate due to an unpleasant sensation that prevents attention to any other task" |
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| CystoProtek | Treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome with CystoProtek - an oral multi-agent natural supplement. Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Vakali S, Sant GR. Can J Urol 2008;15:4410-4 - the authors conclude from this open-label, uncontrolled study with 250 refractory (male and female) IC/PBS patients that prospective randomized trials of such dietary supplements are warranted and that food supplements targeting the bladder GAGs may be a useful addition to the treatment arsenal |
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| urgency: severity and impact | Evaluation of urgency in women, with a validated Urgency, Severity and Impact Questionnaire (USIQ). Lowenstein L, Fitzgerald MP, Kenton K, et al. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008 Nov 20. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19020786 - the aim of his study was to develop and validate a urinary urgency questionnaire to measure the severity and quality of life (QOL) impact from urinary urgency, in order to advance the clinical understanding of urinary urgency, and ultimately to guide the evaluation and treatment of patients with OAB - the USIQ comprises five symptom severity items and eight QOL items - click the title above for the full article (it is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited) |
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| cystoscopy with narrow-band imaging | New cystoscopic diagnosis for interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome using narrow-band imaging system. Ueda T, Nakagawa M, Okamura M, Tanoue H, Yoshida H, Yoshimura N. Int J Urol. 2008 Nov 13 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19054176 - the aim of this study was to develop an IC/PBS diagnostic method using a cystoscope with a narrow-band imaging (NBI) system - the authors concluded that examining the bladder mucosa with a flexible cystoscope with the NBI system makes it possible to easily detect bladder mucosa ulcers (lesions) and areas with angiogenesis - the procedure is less invasive and lower in cost than the conventional hydrodistension |
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| review on treatment | What is the most effective treatment of interstitial cystitis? Onwude JL. BMJ 2008 Nov 27;337:a2325. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2325 |
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| intravesical lidocaine | Intravesical alkalinized lidocaine (PSD597) offers sustained relief from symptoms of interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome. Nickel JC, Moldwin R, Lee S, Davis EL, et al. BJU Int 2008 Nov 13. [Epub ahead of print].PMID: 19021619 - the purpose of this preliminary study was to assess the immediate and sustained relief of the symptoms of IC/PBS after a consecutive 5-day course of intravesical alkalinized lidocaine (PSD597) and to characterize the pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of intravesical PSD597 in a subgroup of patients - the authors concluded that this treatment was effective for providing sustained improvement of IC/PBS symptoms beyond the acute treatment phase - the drug was safe, well-tolerated and devoid of the systemic side-effects often experienced with oral drugs - long-term studies are needed to determine the optimum regimen to maintain this favourable treatment effect. |
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| nonbladder syndromes | Antecedent nonbladder syndromes in case-control study of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Warren JW, Howard FM, Cross RK, et al. Urology 2008 November 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID:18995888 - seeking clues to the pathogenesis of IC/PBS, these researchers sought antecedent nonbladder syndromes that distinguished incident IC/PBS from matched controls - eleven antecedent syndromes were more often diagnosed in those with IC/PBS, and most syndromes appeared in clusters - among the hypotheses generated was that some patients with IC/PBS have a systemic syndrome and not one confined to the bladder |
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| diet | Diététique et cystite interstitielle. Saussine C. Mouracade P. Pelv Perineol 2008;3:50-52 Article in French. English abstract. - the role of diet as an aggravating factor of interstitial cystitis (IC) symptoms is increasingly acknowledged - many IC patients note that some foods worsen their symptoms and that diet modification may relieve symptoms - however, the same foods do not aggravate symptoms in all patients - some patients have found that diet has no effect |
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| ESSIC criteria | Utilisation des nouveaux critères diagnostiques de la cystite interstitielle dans la pratique quotidienne: à propos de 156 cas. [Using the interstitial cystitis new diagnostic criteria in daily practice: about 156 patients]. Mouracade P, Lang H, Jacqmin D, Saussine C. Progrès en Urologie 2008;18:674-7. Epub 2008 Jul 1. Article in French, abstract in English. PMID: 18971112. - P. Mouracade and colleagues from France found that 26% (41 patients) of 156 patients (all diagnosed with IC and all with pain) were excluded by the ESSIC 2005 definition (which like the ICS 2002 definition specified ”suprapubic pain”) - when applying the most recent ESSIC definition (“Chronic pelvic pain, pressure or discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder…”), 15% (23) of these 41 patients were re-integrated. However this still left 11% excluded |
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| fibromyalgia | A systematic review on the effectiveness of treatment with antidepressants in fibromyalgia syndrome. Uçeyler N, Häuser W, Sommer C. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:1279-98 - in this systematic review it is concluded that amitriptyline (25-50 mg/day) reduced pain, fatigue, and depressiveness in patients with fibromyalgia and improved sleep and quality of life - most SSRIs and the SNRIs duloxetine and milnacipran are probably also effective - the authors recommend short-term treatment of patients with fibromyalgia using amitriptyline or another of the antidepressants that were effective in randomized-controlled trials but warn that data on long-term efficacy are lacking |
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| depression and abuse | Depression, abuse and its relationship to interstitial cystitis. Goldstein HB, Safaeian P, Garrod K, et al. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2008 Sep 3. [Epub ahead of print]. - the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in the sample was not significantly different than the US average. - the prevalence of physical abuse in the sample was not statistically different than the US average. |
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| pelvic pain model | Summation model of pelvic pain in interstitial cystitis. Klimpp DJ, Rudick CN. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2008;5:494-500 - suggests that pelvic organ crosstalk might modulate symptoms of pelvic pain by spatial and temporal summation, suggesting a mechanism for the benefits of dietary modification in patients with IC, as well as therapeutic opportunities |
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| cytokines | Chronic pelvic pain syndrome and the overactive bladder: the inflammatory link. Saini R, Gonzalez RR, Te AE. Curr Urol Rep 2008;9:314-9 - this paper reviews the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, overactive bladder, and painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis - cytokines may play a role by recruiting inflammatory cells and ultimately in inducing symptoms |
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| guide for primary care physician | Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome for the primary care physician. Klutke CG, Klutke JJ. Can J Urol 2008;15(Suppl 1):44-52; discussion 52-3. - a guide for the primary care physician |
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| intravesical chondroitin sulphate | Intravesical glycosaminoglycan replenishment with chondroitin sulphate in chronic forms of cystitis. A multi-national, multi-centre, prospective observational clinical trial. Nordling J, van Ophoven A. Arzneimittelforschung 2008;58:328-35 .(PMID:18751498) - effectiveness, safety nd tolerability of instillation therapy with chondroitin sulphate was investigated in 286 patients with chronic forms of cystitis including radiation cystitis, overactive bladder, chronically recurring cystitis and IC. - the instillation was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of chronic forms of cystitis associated with a possible GAG layer deficit, but the results need to be confirmed in a controlled study. |
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| intravesical chondroitin sulphate | A real-life multicentre clinical practice study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravesical chondroitin sulphate for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. Nickel JC, Egerdie B, Downey J, et al. BJU Int 2008 Sep 3. [Epub ahead of print] - a multicentre, community based open-label study designed to assess the efficacy and safety of intravesical sodium chondroitin sulphate in the treatment of patients with the clinical diagnosis of interstitial cystitis (IC) - patients with IC were treated with sodium chondroitin sulphate (Uracyst®) solution 2.0% via urinary catheter weekly for 6 weeks and then monthly for 16 weeks for a total of 10 treatments - the primary endpoint was the percentage of responders to treatment as indicated by a marked or moderate improvement on a seven-point patient Global Response Assessment (GRA) scale at week 10 (4 weeks after the initial six treatments) compared with baseline; a secondary efficacy endpoint (durability) was the percentage of responders on the GRA scale after 10 treatments. - 47% of the 53 enrolled patients with long standing moderately severe IC were responders at week 10; at 24 weeks, 60% were responders |
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| Hunner's ulcer | The role of cystoscopy in the diagnosis of Hunner's ulcer disease. Braunstein R, Shapiro E, Kaye J, Moldwin R. J Urol 2008 Aug 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18707698 - according to the authors, their data from this study demonstrate that standard clinical evaluation cannot reliably distinguish Hunner's ulcer IC from non-Hunner's ulcer IC - these findings suggest that cystoscopy is necessary to accurately identify patients with Hunner's ulcer |
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| pain sites | Sites of pain from interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Warren JW, Langenberg P, Greenberg P, et al. J Urol 2008 Aug 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18707715 - multiple pain sites are common in IC/PBS - in this study the authors hypothesized that careful and systematic description might provide clues to its pathogenesis - they concluded that suprapubic prominence and changes in the voiding cycle are features consistent with but do not prove that the bladder is the pain generator in IC/PBS and the pain sites described by patients are referred from it |
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| lupus cystitis | Interstitial cystitis and systemic lupus erythematosus in a 20-year old woman. do Socorro Teixeira Moreira Almeida M, Carvalho LL, Carvalho AG, et al. J Rheumatol Int 2008 Aug 12. (Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18696074 - a case study of interstitial cystitis occurring with systemic lupus erythematosus |
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| fibromyalgia | Fibromyalgia syndrome: a relevant recent construction of an ancient condition? Perrot S. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2008;2:122-7 - this review asks: Is fibromyalgia a rheumatic condition related to neurological dysfunction? - studies of neuropathic pain suggest that fibromyalgia probably results from abnormal central pain processing rather than a musculoskeletal abnormality - fibromyalgia syndrome may may represent a common clinical presentation of various pathophysiological disorders - future studies may identify subgroups related to different pathophysiological mechanisms, thereby leading not only to the development of more specific curative but also preemptive treatments |
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| ketamine | The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome? Chu PS, Ma WK, Wong SC, et al. BJU Int 2008 Aug 1 [Epub ahead of print] PMID 18680495 - a syndrome of non-bacterial IC-like symptoms and contracted bladder can be associated with street-ketamine abuse |
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| dyspareunia | Deep dyspareunia: causes, treatments, and results. Ferrero S, Ragni N, Remorgida V. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2008;20:394-9 - endometriosis, pelvic congestion syndrome, and interstitial cystitis have been associated with deep dyspareunia - treatment of deep dyspareunia should be mainly directed to causative factors; however, clinicians should keep in mind that secondary sexual dysfunction can arise from organic pelvic pathology |
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| a review article in French | La cystite interstitielle en 2008. Mouracade P, Saussine C. Prog Urol 2008 Jul;18(7):418-25. Epub 2008 May 27. PMID: 18602600 - a review article in French - la CI reste une pathologie meconnue par le monde medical et le grand public - la reconnaissance de la physiopathologie rend les traitements encore empiriques |
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| associations (1) | The relationship of common medical conditions and medication use with symptoms of painful bladder syndrome: results from the Boston Area Community Health Survey. Hall SA, Link CL, Pulliam SJ, et al. J Urol 2008 Jun 11. [Epub ahead of print] - the prevalence of painful bladder syndrome symptoms was 1.3% in men and 2.6% in women - in men only depression was associated while in women associations were observed for depression, history of urinary tract infections, chronic yeast infections, hysterectomy, calcium channel blockers and cardiac glycosides; thyroid medications and statins were inversely associated |
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| associations (2) | Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of symptoms suggestive of painful bladder syndrome: results from the Boston Area Community Health Survey. Link CL, Pulliam SJ, Hanno PM, et al. J Urol. 2008 Jun 11. [Epub ahead of print] - the overall prevalence of symptoms suggestive of painful bladder syndrome was 2% (1.3% in men and 2.6% in women) with increased prevalence in middle-aged adults and those of lower socioeconomic status - symptoms suggestive of painful bladder syndrome were more common in those who experienced abuse, in those who were worried about someone close to them and in those who were having trouble paying for basics; this pattern held even after adjusting for depression. - the authors conclude that painful bladder syndrome is associated with a number of lifestyle and psychosocial correlates, suggesting that the treatment may benefit from a multifaceted approach of combining medical, psychological and cognitive treatment. |
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| resiniferatoxin | Resiniferatoxin in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a systematic review. Mourtzoukou EG, Iavazzo C, Falagas ME. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2008 Jun 19 [Epub ahead of print] - in this review from Greece, the authors conclude that the effectiveness of resiniferatoxin in the treatment of interstitial cystitis remains unknown; six studies produced contradictory results |
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| botulinum toxin A | Drug insight: biological effects of botulinum toxin A in the lower urinary tract. Chancellor MB, Fowler CJ, Apostolidis A, et al. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2008;5:319-28. Epub 2008 May 6 - a potential role for BTX-A in the relief of hyperalgesia associated with lower urinary tract disorders is suggested |
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| urinary tract infection and IC/PBS | Urinary tract infection and inflammation at onset of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Warren JW, Brown V, Jacobs S, et al. Urology 2008;71:1085-90 - the retrospective data in this study suggest that a proportion, probably a minority, of women at IC/PBS onset had evidence of UTI or inflammation - the results indicate that UTI is present at the onset of IC/PBS in some women and might reveal clues to IC/PBS pathogenesis |
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| review | What is new in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis? Hanno P, Nordling J, van Ophoven A. Curr Opin Urol 2008;18:353-8 - in this review the authors bring practicing healthcare providers up to date with the literature on bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis, and the implications for their patients |
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| hyaluronic acid / chondroitin sulfate | Results of endovesical hyaluronic acid/chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Porru D, Cervigni M, Nasta L, et al. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2008;3:126-9 - this study tested the effect of endovesical administration of combined hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in IC/PBS patients - the authors concluded that this combination appears to be a safe and efficacious form of treating IC/PBS |
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| mast cells and pain | Mast cell-derived histamine mediates cystitis pain. (click on the title for full article) Rudick CN, Bryce PJ, Guichelaar LA, et al. PLos ONE 2008 May 7;3(5):e2096 - data obtained from this study demonstrate that mast cells promote cystitis pain and bladder pathophysiology through the separable actions of histamine and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), respectively - the authors conclude that pain is independent of pathology and inflammation, and histamine receptors represent direct therapeutic targets for pain in IC and other chronic pain conditions |
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| cyclosporine A | Cyclosporine A in the Treatment of Interstitial
Cystitis. Jukka Sairanen. Academic dissertation, University of Helsinki, Finland, 25 January 2008 - the author concludes that cyclosporin A is a viable treatment option in patients with PBS/IC who fulfil the NIDDK criteria and have serious symptoms and in whom previous attempts to alleviate symptoms have failed; the author also concludes that his results support the need for future clinical studies with drug compounds that modulate inflammation in PBS/IC bladder. |
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| depression and anxiety | Psychological profile of Taiwanese interstitial cystitis patients. Fan YH, Lin AT, Wu HM, et al. Int J Urol 2008;15:416-8 PMID: 18452458 - the researchers found that most of their Taiwanese patients had significant depression and anxiety and that the extent of the symptoms appeared to correlate with the severity of the IC symptoms |
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| neuromodulation | Short-term results of bilateral S2-S4 sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis, painful bladder syndrome, and chronic pelvic pain. Zabihi N, Mourtzinos A, Maher MG, et al. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2008;19: 553-7 PMID: 17925994. - in refractory patients, bilateral caudal neuromodulation is a possible alternative mode of treatment, which appears to improve both pain and voiding symptoms at 6 months follow-up - larger randomized studies are needed |
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| mast cells | Quantifying mast cells in bladder pain syndrome by immunohistochemical analysis. Larsen MS, Mortensen S, Nordling J, Horn T. BJU Int. 2008 Apr 2 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18384636 - this study evaluated an alternative, simpler method of counting mast cells in bladder biopsy samples from IC patients |
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| treatment | Treatment of Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis 2008: Can we make evidence-based decisions? Fall M, Oberpenning F, Peeker R. Eur Urol 2008 Apr 3 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18403099 - a review of treatment; controlled studies are scarce; much evidence is based on a trial and error principle and studies give conflicting results - everyone has their own different perceptions as to what interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome are and how they should be treated - it is described by the authors as a poorly defined heterogeneous spectrum of disorders - inclusion and exclusion criteria in studies form a significant problem; definitions are loose and differ from centre to centre and in different parts of the world |
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| care | Characterization of a clinical cohort of 87 women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Diokno AC. Urology 2008;71:634-40 - the described population of women with unrelieved chronic pain, frequency, and urgency is in desperate need of care. - the authors conclude that it may be most therapeutic to develop a multimodal plan of care that includes physical therapy, oral and intravesical therapies, neuromodulation, and cognitive-behavioral therapies |
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| pain | Evidence-based criteria for pain of
interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in women. Warren JW, Brown J, Tracy JK, et al. Urology 2008;71:444-8 - in this Events Preceding Interstitial Cystitis study, pain that worsened with a certain food or drink and/or worsened with bladder filling and/or improved with urination was reported by 151(97%) of 156 patients; these were the only three criteria that applied directly to the bladder - the same three criteria described the pain of 262 (97%) of 270 women in the Interstitial Cystitis Database who “definitely” had IC/PBS - the authors conclude that this triad might describe the pain of IC/PBS and contribute to a sensitive case definition |
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| vulvodynia | Insight into urogynecologic features of women with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Gardella B, Porru D, Ferdeghini F et al. Eur Urol 2008 Feb 6 [Epub ahead of print] - in this study vulvodynia was found in 85.1% of IC/PBS patients and in 6.4% of control patients |
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| longidaze | Longidaze in therapy of patients with interstitial cystitis [Article in Russian] Zaitcev AV, Pushkar DU. Urologiia 2007 Sept-Oct;(5):35-7 - a pilot study using the injected enzyme agent longidaze (conjugate of hyaluronidase with activated derivate of N-oxide poly-1,4-ethylenpiperazine) in a study group of 30 patients (including 7 Hunner's ulcer/lesion patients): 3000 IU, 10 injections, every 5 days - the authors believe that the algorithm for Hunner's patients should include Holmium laser coagulation as a first step, followed by longidaze treatment - in non-ulcerative patients the longidaze is added to multimodal treatment - the aim of the therapy is to correct inflammatory disorders, prevent progressive fibrosis, and restore detrusor elasticity - the results of this pilot study were positive and the study will be continued |
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| botulinum A toxin | Botulinum A Toxin Intravesical Injection in Patients With Painful Bladder Syndrome: 1-Year Followup. Giannantoni A, Porena M, Costantini E, et al. J Urol 2008 Jan 17 [Epub ahead of print] - in this small study, intravesically injected botulinum toxin A appeared to be effective for short-term treatment of PBS that has failed to respond to other treatment - this form of treatment needs to be repeated after a few months |
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| BCG | Followup of patients with interstitial cystitis responsive to treatment with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin or placebo. Propert KJ, Mayer R, Nickel JC, et al. J Urol 2008;179:552-5 - the results argue against the routine use of bacillus Calmette-Guerin in this patient group |
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| intravesical cocktail | Dyspareunia response in patients with interstitial cystitis treated with intravesical lidocaine, bicarbonate, and heparin. Blayne KW, Teichman JMH. Urology 2008;71:67-70 - the results of this study indicate that this intravesical therapeutic solution can provide relief for voiding symptoms, pain and dyspareunia in IC/PBS patients |
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| PPS | Time to initiation of pentosan polysulfate sodium treatment after interstitial cystitis diagnosis: effect on symptom improvement. - this is a retrospective analysis in patients who had been treated with PPS 300 mg/day for 32 weeks in a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial Nickel JC, Kaufman DM, Zhang HF, et al. Urology 2008;71:57-61 - starting PPS treatment within 6 months of diagnosis may result in greater improvement in symptoms and symptom bother |
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| guided imagery | Guided Imagery For Women with Interstitial Cystitis: Results of a Prospective, Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Carrico DJ, Peters KM, Diokno AC. J Altern Complement Med 2008 Jan 16 [Epub ahead of print] - guided imagery may be a useful tool to offer women with IC for pain and IC symptom management - it is an intervention without negative side-effects |
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| standard terminology | Lower urinary tract symptomatology: its definition and confusion. Homma Y. Int J Urol 2008;15:35-43 - this review of ICS standard terminology for LUTS - including terminology for PBS/IC - pinpoints areas of confusion and suggests possible solutions |
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| RDP58 in mice | RDP58 inhibits T cell-mediated bladder inflammation in an autoimmune cystitis model. Liu W, Deyoung BR, Chen X, et al. J Autoimmun. 2007 Dec 24 [Epub ahead of print] - RDP58 is a novel d-amino acid decapeptide with potent immunosuppressive activity - this study investigated whether it was effective as an intravesical agent for treating bladder autoimmune inflammation in mouse model - collectively the results indicated that RDP58 is effective for treating T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune cystitis and may serve as a useful intravesical agent for the treatment of autoimmune-associated bladder inflammation such as IC |
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| hyaluronate | Hyaluronan treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Riedl CR, Engelhardt PF, Daha KL, et al. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2007 Dec 21 [Epub ahead of print] - this study evaluated the efficacy of intravesical hyaluronan therapy in 126 patients with IC/PBS and mean disease duration of 6.1 years; to be eligible for hyaluronan treatment, a positive modified potassium test was requested as a sign of a urine-tissue barrier disorder - patients were treated with weekly instillations of a 50 ml phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 40 mg sodium hyaluronate - data were obtained by a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire rating from 0 to 10 that asked for global bladder symptoms before and after therapy; additional questions evaluated the therapeutic impact on quality of life - 85% of the patients reported symptom improvement (2 or more VAS units); the mean initial VAS score of 8.5 decreased to 3.5 after therapy (p<0.0001); 55% remained with no or minimal bladder symptoms after therapy (VAS 0-2); 84% reported significant improvement of their quality of life - intravesical therapy had to be initiated again with good success in 43 patients (34.5%) as symptoms recurred after discontinuation of treatment, while the rest stayed free of symptoms for up to 5 years - in general, hyaluronan therapy was well tolerated and, with the exception of mild irritative symptoms, no adverse reactions were reported for a total of 1,521 instillations - the authors conclude that timely hyaluronan instillation therapy may lead to complete symptom remission or even cure in part of the IC/PBS patients, while some responders need continuous intravesical therapy - the present results suggest that selection of patients for hyaluronan therapy by potassium testing improves the outcome of intravesical therapy with a response rate of >80% |
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| sacral nerve stimulation | Reprogramming requirements after sacral nerve stimulator implantation: correlation with preoperative indication. Maxwell KM, Clemens JQ, Mazzenga L, Kielb SJ. J Urol 2008;179:549-51 |
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| re-imagining | Re-imagining Interstitial Cystitis. Hanno PM. Urol Clin North Am 2008;35:91-9 - a review of the history of changes and developments in IC and PBS down to the present day controversies |
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| management review | Pharmacologic management of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: a systematic review. Dimitrakov J, Kroenke K, Steer WD, et al. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1922-9 - over 180 different therapies have been tried for PBS/IC, yet evidence from trials remains inconclusive - this study concludes that PPS may be modestly beneficial for PBS/IC - there is insufficient evidence for other pharmacologic treatment - a consensus on standardized outcome measures is urgently needed |
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| pentosan | Safety and efficacy of the use of intravesical and oral pentosan polysulfate sodium for interstitial cystitis: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Davis EL, El Khoudary SR, Talbott EO, et al. J Urol 2008;179:177-85 - randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study - demonstrated safety and efficacy of combined intravesical and oral PPS for moderate and severe IC. |
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| criteria | Diagnostic Criteria, Classification, and Nomenclature for Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis: An ESSIC Proposal. van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P, et al. Eur Urol 2008;53:60-7 |
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| review articles | see also: scientific reviews, dissertations and educational articles | |
| archive | selected literature in 2007 - 2006 - 2005 - 2004 and before  |
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